The Conflict Of The Niger Delta - 1743 Words

INTRODUCTION TO THE CONFLICT IN THE NIGER DELTA Nigeria is the 7th world largest oil producer and is a major player in the world energy market. Oil and gas is Nigeria’s main source of revenue. It accounts for about 40% of the Gross Domestic Product and 70% of government revenues (Lawal 2004). Crude oil was first discovered in 1956 by Shell British Petroleum in a small village called Oloibiri present day Bayelsa State. Two years later oil in larger quantities was discovered in Ogoni. The Niger delta region has a population of 28 million people, a coverage of 70,000 square kilometers consisting of 606 fields, 5,284 wells, 7,000 kilometers of pipelines, 10 export terminals, 275 flow stations and a liquefied natural gas sector (Williams 2011). The Niger delta which is Nigeria’s oil belt has been embroiled in conflict and resistance against the government and multinational oil corporations that extract oil in the region. The Niger delta is highly volatile with insurgent groups controlling the area. Years of oil exploitation, environmental degradation and neglecting by the states has created an impoverished, marginalized and exploited region which has produced resistance form the youth in the Niger delta region. A regime of state repression and corporate violence has further generated popular criminal violence, lawlessness, illegal appropriations and insecurity (Williams 2011). Conflict in the Niger delta arose in the early 1990’s due to tension between the foreign oilShow MoreRelatedThe Amnesty Program In Nigeria1355 Words   |  6 Pagesprogram has been unable to engage other macro level changes. For example, it has notproduced the much anticipated security sector reforms, which is crucial in order to develop the type of intelligence that would be proactive in preventing future armed conflict. 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The President of Nigeria announced the program on June 25th, 2009 which aimed to put an end to the insurgency crisis experienced in the Niger Delta region, particularly between 2006 - 2009 which had led to an average loss of about 650,000 barrels of crude oil per day (cited in Asuni, 2009) and which had major implications for the government s revenue. Militants were given the opportunity forRead MoreThe Impact Of Oil Exploration On Nigeria1027 Words   |  5 Pagesproducer in Africa, and currently its most populous country. After the oil discovery in the Niger Delta area of Oloibiri in 1956, the country has had oil has its main income producer. Before this, agriculture had the center stage; it accounted f or 50% of revenue. Most of the oil exploration is done in the Niger Delta;a region that’s made up of nine states which includes; River, Cross River, AkwaIbom, Delta, Edo, Bayelsa, Imo, Abia, and Ondo. 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In fact, areas showing the largest amounts of oil like the Niger Delta happen to be the country’s most economically marginalized region. A significant impetus of these tumultuous changes has been multinational oil corpor ations like Shell that have been extracting oil in Nigeria since 1956. This paper seeks to examineRead MoreAnalysis Of The Niger Delta And Its Past Struggles With Military Rule Essay1021 Words   |  5 PagesCase Summary What has occurred in the Niger Delta is linked to its past struggles with military rule transitioning to democratic rule, which often ends in a military regime taking control nonetheless. From the start of its independence, Nigeria has slowly grown in its dependence on oil as it’s main economic revenue stream. Before the discovery of oil, the state had yam and cassava crops, palm oil, rubber, and lumbers that provided economic revenue, though modest (Jike, V.T. 2004). However once oilRead MoreSolutions to the Niger Delta Problems in Nigeria4181 Words   |  17 PagesSOLUTIONS TO THE NIGER DELTA PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA AN ASSIGNMENT WRITTEN IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE COURSE DVS 512: TECHNOLOGY, ENERGY, NATURAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT BY ISU, DORATHY AKWUGO PG/MSC/07/46529 LECTURER: DR. OGAKWU INSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, ENUGU CAMPUS. AUGUST 2009 BACKGROUND The Niger Delta produces the oil wealth which accounts for the bulk of Nigeria’s foreign earnings. Paradoxically however, these vast revenuesRead MoreThe Niger Delta Struggles: Its Implications for Resource Control.17990 Words   |  72 PagesTOPIC: THE NIGER DELTA STRUGGLES: ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR RESOURCE CONTROL. A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY The Niger Delta region, Nigeria s oil belt has been the site of a generalized ethnic and regional struggle for self-determination since 1998, the location of often-violent confrontations between local ethnic communities and agents of the Nigerian state and oil companies involved in the extraction and exploitation of oil in the area. What began as community agitation

Voice Command Free Essays

Voice Command Reference October 2, 1997 Voice Command Set Technical Reference 3Com – U. S. Robotics 1 Voice Command Reference October 2, 1997 V 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Voice Command or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0 V 2. 0 Revision information Initial Release for Sportster Vi modem Amended and updated version. Vi, Voice, Flash and MessagePlus Now covers following Sportster’s : 3Com – U. S. Robotics 2 Voice Command Reference October 2, 1997 1. Global Commands The AT commands in the following sections are global, meaning that they can be issued in any appropriate mode (i. e. , any #CLS setting). For consistency, the command set is divided into action commands and parameters (non-action commands). Those commands, which are action commands (i. e. , those that cause some change in the current operating behavior of the modem) are identified as such, and the remaining commands are parameters. 1. 1 ATA – Answering in Voice The answer action command works analogously to the way it works in Data and Fax Modes except for the following: 1. When configured for Voice Mode (#CLS=8), the modem enters Online Voice Command Mode immediately after going off-hook. When the#CLS=8 command is issued, the modem can be programmed to look for 1100 and 1300 Hz calling tones (see #VTD), thus eliminating the need to do so as part of A command processing. After the VCON message is issued, the modem re-enters Online Voice Command Mode while sending any incoming DTMF or Calling Tone indications to the DTE. After answering in Voice Mode (#CLS=8), the DTE, as part of its call discrimination processing, can decide to change the #CLS setting to attempt receiving a fax in Class 1, or to make a data connection. In such a case, the DTE commands the modem to proceed with the data or fax handshake via the A command even though the modem is already off-hook. 1. 1. 1 Parameters: Same as Data and Fax modes. . 1. 2 Result Codes: VCON Issued in Voice Mode (#CLS=8) immediately after going off-hook. 1. 2 ATD – Dial Command in Voice The dial action command works analogously to the way it works in Data or Fax modes. When in Voice Mode (#CLS=8): The modem attempts to determine when the remote has picked up the telephone line and once this determination has been made, the VCON message is sent to the DTE. This determination is initially made based up on ringback detection and disappearance. (See #VRA and #VRN commands. ). Once connected in Voice Mode, the modem immediately enters the command state and switches to Online Voice Command Mode that enables unsolicited reporting of DTMF and answer tones to the DTE. 1. 2. 1 Parameters: Same as Data and Fax modes. 1. 2. 2 Result Codes: VCON Issued in Voice Mode (#CLS=8) when the modem determines that the remote modem or handset has gone off-hook, or when returning to the Online Voice Command Mode. (See #VRA and #VRN. ) 3Com – U. S. Robotics 3 Voice Command Reference October 2, 1997 NO ANSWER Issued in Voice Mode (#CLS=8) when the modem determines that the remote has not picked up the line before the S7 timer expires. . 3 ATH – Hang Up in Voice This command works the same as in Data and Fax modes by hanging up (disconnecting) the telephone line. There are, however, some specific considerations when in Voice Mode: 1. The H command forces #CLS=0, but does not destroy any of the voice parameter settings such as #VBS, #VSP, etc. Therefore, if the DTE wishes to issue an H command and then pursue another voice call, it must issue a subsequent #CLS=8 command, but it needn’t reestablish the voice parameter settings again unless a change in the settings is desired. 2. The #BDR setting is forced back to 0, re-enabling autobaud. . If the #VLS setting is set to select a device which is not, or does not include the telephone line (such as a local handset or microphone), the H command deselects this device and reselects the normal default setting (#VLS =0). Normally, the DTE should not issue the H command while connected to a local device such as a handset, because merely selecting this device results in VCON. The normal sequence of terminating a session with such a device is to use the #VLS command to select the telephone line, which by definition makes sure it is on-hook. . 3. 1 Parameters: Same as Data and Fax modes. 1. 3. 2 Result Codes: Same as Data and Fax modes. 1. 4 ATZ – Reset from Voice Mode This command works the same as in Data and Fax modes. In addition, the Z command resets all voice related parameters to default states, forces the #BDR=0 condition (autobaud enabled), and forces the telephone line to be selected with the handset on-hook. No voice parameters are stored in NVRAM so the profile loaded does not affect the voice aspects of this command. 1. 4. 1 Parameters: Same as Data and Fax modes. 1. 4. 2 Result Codes: Same as Data and Fax modes. 1. 5 #BDR – Select Baud Rate (Turn off Autobaud) This command forces the modem to select a specific DTE/modem baud rate without further speed sensing on the interface. When a valid #BDR=n command is entered, the OK result code is sent at the current assumed speed. After the OK has been sent, the modem switches to the speed indicated by the #BDR=n command it has just received. When in Online Voice Command Mode and the #BDR setting is nonzero (no autobaud selected), the modem supports a full duplex DTE interface. This means that the DTE can enter commands at any time, even if the modem is in the process of sending a shielded code indicating DTMF detection to the DTE. When in Online Voice Command Mode and the #BDR setting is zero (autobaud selected), shielded code reporting to the DTE is disabled. [Note that when #BDR has been set nonzero, the modem employs the S30 Deadman Timer, and this timer starts at the point where #BDR is set nonzero. If this period 3Com – U. S. Robotics 4 Voice Command Reference October 2, 1997 xpires (nominally 60 seconds) with no activity on the DTE interface, the modem reverts to #BDR=0 and #CLS=0. ] 1. 5. 1 Parameters: n = 0 – 48 (New baud rate is n*2400 bps) Default: 0 1. 5. 2 Result Codes: OK ERROR 1. 5. 3 If n = 0 – 48. Otherwise. Command options: #BDR? Returns the current setting of the #BDR command as an ASCII decimal value in result code format. #BDR=? Returns a message indicating the speeds that are supported. #BDR=0 Enables autobaud dete ction on the DTE interface. #BDR=n Where 1 How to cite Voice Command, Papers

Website Review and Summary free essay sample

Website Review and Summary Website Review and Summary On all the websites including local, state, and the national it is proof of how teen pregnancy has declined in the past several years. How each site is expressing awareness as the most important issue to decrease these numbers is overwhelming. Each site gives valuable information on how many teens have been pregnant in the last several years along with information based on types of diseases each person can get from having non-protective sex. Adoption is another aspect all government types draw awareness too. Types of structure between all levels of government All levels national, state, and local are working to bring teen pregnancy down. Every site spoke of how to continue to decline pregnancy rates. Each level of government has started years ago taking steps of teen awareness. Making teens aware of not only pregnancy but what can happen with teen pregnancies is a big step all levels of governments are taking. We will write a custom essay sample on Website Review and Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Functions at each level of government agencies Each level of government is taking every step possible to decline pregnancy among teens. Each level is also worried about AIDs or other diseases which may be contracted during sexual intercourse. On each website there was talk of how teen pregnancy not only affects the teens yet the baby as well. On several sites it was brought to attention of how adoption can be an option. All levels of government are expressing how many people are looking to adopt and how teens can make a difference by giving their babies up for adoption rather than try to raise a baby while they are still growing themselves. Teens that have babies cost the country more money because she normally uses the counties money to help raise her child. This money the girls are using is making for higher rates for each county. These girls are normally to your to work and raise the child themselves. Each level of government is basing all on teen pregnancy awareness. Levels of Government working together Each level of government is working together by using awareness to target teens. From the national down to local government, focus on finding new ways to get the information to the teens. Each level of government agencies work together, to educate most importantly at school. The government agencies focus on getting this information out on any basis necessary. Public and community health Public and community health on the all is better than it has been since 1991. There are a few states which are still having problems with teen pregnancy at large. These states include: Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Georgia (Kost, Henshaw, Carlin). All these states are still on the high percentage side, due of teen pregnancy. The government agencies should not lose concentration on the states which are doing well, yet focus harder on these states which are on the high end of teen pregnancy still. Most states have dropped significantly over the past. Since 1991 the number nationwide has dropped by 40 percent (Pregnant teen help). Every agency should continue awareness. This process has seemed to work well over the years making teens aware not only at school yet being able to access any of this information online. All this information is very structured and broad based informational to all teen awareness. Making teens aware of how much teen pregnancy could be accountable for deaths among babies and preeclampsia to name a few. All the diseases one can get just by having unprotected sex are also widely recognized. Each site is very expressive on all this information. Conclusion Federal funding is on the rise to prevent teen pregnancy. Each type of government expresses how much awareness means to this cause through education, media, events, and other resources (Dutro, N. ). Since 1991 the numbers have dropped dramatically. Government agencies believe this is due to awareness that each agency has developed to make teens aware. All agencies not only make teens aware of the circumstances which may result in sexual intercourse, yet there are ways to expand beyond this. The adoption issue is stated on each governmental agencies site letting teens know of their options. Teen pregnancy is declining yet there are more options to let teens know how much more can happen besides pregnancy. On this subject agencies are doing a wonderful job, yet there are always options to do more. Let us save our teens and their childhood and step up together with overnment agencies to keep our teens from making these mistakes in their lives. References Dutro, N. (4-10-2010). Area agencies tackling teen pregnancy rate. Retrieved from http://www. pcsao. org/2005Factbook/SENECA%20COUNTY. pdf Kost, K. , Henshaw, S. , Carlin L. (2010). U. S. teenage pregnancies, births and abortions, National and State Trends and Trends by race and ethnicity. Retrieved from http://www. guttmacher. org/pubs/USTPtrends. pdf Teenage pregnancy statistics 2009. (6-14-2011) Pregnant teen help. Retrieved from http://www. pregnantteenhelp. org

Self-Awareness Exercises and Reflection Essay Example

Self-Awareness Exercises and Reflection Essay Self-Awareness Exercises and Reflection Name: Institution: Self-Awareness Exercises and Reflection We will write a custom essay sample on Self-Awareness Exercises and Reflection specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Self-Awareness Exercises and Reflection specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Self-Awareness Exercises and Reflection specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With respect to this self-awareness exercise, the variable eligible for empirical observation is emotional regulation. Emotional regulation involves the management of emotion. As such, emotional regulation refers to the capability of an individual to act in response to the present needs by allowing or delaying unprompted retorts in an unobjectionable manner when required. In summary, Gross John (2003) delineate emotional regulation as the capacity of a person to manage emotions irrespective of the existing situation. As such, this variable is considerably dependent on the ability of an individual to enact complete control and thus preventing the occurrence of impulsive actions and decisions that are regrettable. Alternately, emotional regulation incorporates instigating, restraining or altering the conduct or state of a person within a particular situation. Typically, individuals experience diverse situations that warrant unprompted emotional reactions towards the respective stimuli (Koole, 2010). As such, if individuals were to exude unprecedented reactions based on the different stimuli that comprise their surroundings, then the aspect of interaction within society would erode. Thus, emotional regulation is significant since it enables persons to establish interaction through different communication patterns irrespective of the diverse stimuli (Heilman et al, 2010). Nonetheless, emotional regulation contributes significant positive and negative influences around persons. People who exhibit significant degrees of emotional regulation usually necessitate positive influence among other individuals (Kensinger, 2009). This is because such persons are capable of performing actions while suppressing any unwanted behavior. According to Stefanopoulou et al (2007), such individuals focus on the work allocated and do not engage in actions that can influence the persons around them negatively. Accordingly, persons with negligible emotional regulation levels exude negati ve impact among the people around them based on their inability to suppress emotions (Martin Delgado, 2011). As such, in order to provide empirical observation regarding emotional regulation, two factors, which include Cognitive Reappraisal and Suppression, gain consideration (McRae, Ciesielski Gross, 2012). Foremost, Ochsner Gross (2005) assert that cognitive reappraisal allows persons to alter the emotions they experience, the intensity of the emotions based on the experience and the situations in which they experience the emotions. The second factor, Suppression, involves masking authentic emotions with irrespective of the emotional intensity of a particular situation (Richards Gross, 2000). In the assessment, my score regarding the cognitive reappraisal factor was 6. This indicates that my ability to use cognitive reappraisal within emotional regulation is considerable considering that high scores illustrate greater exploitation of the factor. As such, the survey illustrates that the manner in which I regulate my emotions influences my communication positively with the team. Cognitiv e reappraisal allows a person to reappraise emotional stimuli in a dissimilar manner, which will either augment or moderate the intensity of the sentimental rejoinder educed due to the stimuli (Steinberger, Payne Kensinger, 2011). In this particular case, upon the receipt of failure regarding a certain project within my group, my use of cognitive reappraisal will allow me to reconsider the situation in a different manner by viewing as another opportunity to improve the group’s techniques (Curseu, Boros Oerlemans, 2012). As such, the skill will affect my communication style positively with the group since it will enable me to proceed with motivating the members of the team when assigned to another project. However, my score in exuding Suppression was 4.50, which was a low score. The score proved that I do not possess the ability to hide my emotions in emotionally intense and risky situations, which can affect the way I communicate with my team members. References Curseu, P. L., Boros, S., Oerlemans, L. A. G. (February 01, 2012). Task and relationship conflict in short-term and long-term groups: The critical role of emotion regulation. International Journal of Conflict Management, 23, 1, 97-107. Gross, J. J., John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 2, 348–362. Gyurak, A., Gross, J., Etkin, A. (January 01, 2011). Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: A dual-process framework. Cognition Emotion, 25, 3, 400-412. Heilman, R. M., Crisan, L. G., Houser, D., Miclea, M., Miu, A. C. (January 01, 2010). Emotion regulation and decision making under risk and uncertainty. Emotion, 10, 2, 257-265. Kensinger, E. (January 01, 2009). Remembering the Details: Effects of Emotion. Emotion Review, 1, 2, 99-113. Koole, S. L. (January 01, 2010). The psychology of emotion regulation: an integrative review. Psychology Press, 4, 23, 4-41. Martin, L. N., Delgado, M. R. (January 01, 2011). The neural basis of positive and negative emotion regulation: implications for decision-making. Attention and Performance: Proceedings of a Symposium, 23, 311. McRae, K., Ciesielski, B., Gross, J. J. (January 01, 2012). Unpacking cognitive reappraisal: Goals, tactics, and outcomes. Emotion, 12, 2, 250-255. Ochsner, K. N., Gross, J. J. (January 01, 2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 5, 242-9. Richards, J. M., Gross, J. J. (January 01, 2000). Emotion regulation and memory: the cognitive costs of keeping one’s cool. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 3, 410-24. Stefanopoulou, E., Argyropoulos, S., Frangou, S. (2007). Time course of emotional responses: The effects of subjective ratings of emotional intensity and voluntary suppression. European Psychiatry, 22, 317. Steinberger, A., Payne, J. D., Kensinger, E. A. (January 01, 2011). The effect of cognitive reappraisal on the emotional memory trade-off. Cognition Emotion, 25, 7, 1237-45.

My Perfect Wife Essays

My Perfect Wife Essays My Perfect Wife Essay My Perfect Wife Essay My wife Kathy is not the perfect wife, but she is my perfect wife. Ah, how cute you are thinking. He is such a sweet husband to say that. I dont think you understand. I do not mean that as something nice and cute to say about my wife. It is not meant to be hyperbole, but a statement of fact. How can someone be perfect? It is impossible of course unless God is involved. He can take an imperfect woman and make her my perfect wife. Kathy still makes wrong decisions at times. She does not love me in ways I want every single moment of the day. She doesnt peel my grapes as fast as I would like. She is not the perfect wife UT she is the greatest gift, outside of Jesus Christ Himself, that God has given me; my perfect wife. My number one desire in life is to be like Jesus. Everything else is secondary. Kathy was given to me to help me become the man of God which I was designed to be. Everything about her helps me to grow spiritually. All of her positive, Godly traits; as well as her negative,ungodly traits. Kathy is a great cook. If you come to our house for dinner you would find a home cooked meal from scratch. Many of the ingredients could be freshly picked from our garden. It taste heavenly and there is always more then enough. We do not eat frozen dinners in our house. The microwave is only used to warm up leftovers. Even popcorn is cooked on the stove in a sauce pan and real butter is poured on top. She is such a great cook that I am now on a diet. I have lost almost 20 lbs and hope to lose another 20. I am learning about self control from my wife. Thankfully she helps and doesnt cook as much or as fattening foods as she SE to. Still great food which I could stuff myself so full of I would look like a candidate for The Losers TV reality show. Her good traits help me learn godly traits. I wont speak of anything bad she does very few to mention anywayay) but let me Just say she is not perfect. Those negative traits are wonderful for me. God gave her to me, negative traits and all, because everything about her helps me to grow. God works miracles in my life using Kittys flaws. I could get frustrated and mad at her but God uses all that to make me more like Him. Yesterday was Kathy birthday which caused me to think about her and thank God for her. She is perfect for me. I would never want to marry anyone else. I wouldnt even want her as my wife without her imperfections. It is her, as she is, that makes her my perfect wife. My Perfect Wife By David-Washburn

Juvenile Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Juvenile Justice - Essay Example Delinquent offender is a crime or antisocial behavior that is committed by juveniles and is also considered as a crime if committed by adults. Status offenses are only committed by juveniles (Elrod and Ryder 362). Juveniles’ courts have intervened in the lives of status offenders. There are several arguments that have been put forward for and against for the legal basis of juvenile courts intervening in the lives of status offenders (Elrod and Ryder 363). Proponents of juvenile court intervention assert that status offenders have unique needs that can only be provided by the juvenile court intervention. For instance, many status offenders suffer from family neglect (Elrod and Ryder 363). Treatment of the status offenders require more financial resources than delinquent offender’s treatment thus this services can only be provided by juvenile courts. Status offenses will escalate to more criminal behaviors in the future since running away from home may lead to robbery if the courts fail to intervene. Status offenders are at more risk of victimization and death since incorrigibility expose the youths to drugs and prostitution. Juvenile courts have a primary mission of protecting the interests of children thus they have a duty of supporting lawful parental authority. Compulsory education laws would be undermined if juvenile courts relinquish authority over status offenders (Elrod and Ryder 363). On the other hand, critics of juvenile court involvement in Status offender lives assert that such intervention is ineffective and inappropriate since it may lead to more harm (Elrod and Ryder 364). Social agencies are better equipped to deal with Status offenders since juvenile courts lack the necessary expertise and financial resources to offer the required services. The processing of the status offense lead to labeling thus status offenders receive harsh punishment and are likely to engage in more antisocial behaviors (Elrod and Ryder 364). Status offenses revolve around family problems thus no need of juvenile court intervention since it hinders the responsibility of schools and social institutions in solving the community problems (Elrod and Ryder 364). In my opinion, the juvenile courts should not intervene in Status offenses since it is a violation of the constitution since all citizens should be protected equally regardless of age, race or color. The laws tend to be harsh towards children from poor families who are more likely to be subjected to cruel punishment like the delinquent offenders. Such intervention removes the parental responsibility on the behavior of juveniles and transfers it to the children. Juvenile courts involvement in the lives of status offenders dates back to the development of the parens patriae legal concept (Elrod and Ryder 365). Juvenile courts were designed to deal with delinquent juveniles and also troublesome children. The state has the duty to protect children and several statutes outline the duties of parents and teachers to the children. Legal statutes require the children to attend school regularly and obey curfews, and not to run away from the family (Elrod and Ryder 366). Some states refer status offenders as children in need of supervision (CHINS). The historical basis for juvenile courts intervention in status offenders is rooted in the Biblical passage that children are supposed to obey their parents

SIOP component unit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SIOP component unit - Essay Example In this case, the use of the right vocabularies is paramount. This is because; applying the right vocabularies, as a teaching mode ensures the learners obtains the desired understanding. The rightful use of vocabularies enhances academic excellence. This component entails the active participation of the learners in repeatedly synthesizing and applying the words learnt to ensure that they not only understand their meaning, but that they also know the words and vocabularies usability. Putting the word in different applications ensures that the learners are in a position to understand the context in which it is used better (Ajzen 1984). According to the Arizona Standards (2010), students are supposed to study both primary and secondary sources of information, analyzing and evaluating them. They should also be in a position to differentiate between the two sources. Such are the characteristics of the Building Background component of the SIOP. The strategies applicable under this componen t to enhance better understanding of the subject content by the learners are the substance summary strategies. According to the ELL standards for lesson plan, the students’ performance should be evaluated continuously, based on their ability to speak, read, and write. Here, the subject teacher will guide the students in reading some information regarding the subject in question. The teacher will then assist the learners in indentifying the core words and vocabularies of that piece of information. These words and vocabularies, being the substance of the topic in that subject are then applied to summarize the whole piece or topic into a few notes or paragraphs. It is through doing so, that the students will better understand the vocabularies usage in the topic, and the whole substance or content of that topic (Ajzen 1984). These strategies are well integrated with the above-mentioned component, in that the substantial words and vocabularies of a topic or piece of work are used as the basis of understanding the subject content. The strategies selected for application under this component well indicates that the learners will understand the content of their subject better, through having ample experiences and backgrounds. By indentifying the core words and vocabularies that are the substance of a reading, the learners obtain the desired experience in words and vocabularies usability, when they apply them in summarizing the content of the reading. Lesson plan: Standards: Research Skills for History according to Arizona Standards Strand 2: World History Concept 4: Building Background Topic: World History Concept 1: Research skills for history according to Arizona standards. Class: Lesson integrated to the understanding of World history well integrated to English language, through reading, writing, listening, and observing material artifacts. Date: January 27, 2012 Content Objectives: The learners will be in a position to understand and explain through oral an d written modes, what world history is and the relevant research skills for history. Arizona standards objective: The learners will, by the end of the lesson, be able to analyze, evaluate and differentiate secondary from primary sources of historical information. ELL objectives The teacher should continuously asses the students language ability through the way they